Methodology.

A postcode, ward or city gets a page only when at least three data blocks are complete and at least one calculated measure can be produced. Places that fall short are listed on their parent page without a report.

The number of everyday places within 1.2 km in a straight line of the postcode: shops, pharmacies, GP surgeries, dentists, cafés, restaurants, pubs, parks, playgrounds, sport, libraries, nurseries, post offices, banks and cultural venues, from OpenStreetMap.

The share of a 500 m circle around the postcode covered by parks, gardens, woodland, grass, meadow, allotments, nature reserves and recreation grounds in OpenStreetMap. Overlapping areas are merged so that land is counted once.

England and Wales only (HM Land Registry); Scottish sale prices are not published as open data. The median of standard residential sales (Price Paid category A) registered over the last 24 months. Postcode reports use the postcode sector (for example M20 2), because a single postcode has too few sales. A sector needs at least 10 sales.

Sector median divided by the local authority median, as a percentage.

Crimes and incidents recorded by the police within 500 m of the postcode over 12 months. The index divides this by the average for all postcodes in the local authority (= 100). Counts follow where crime is recorded, so busy centres score higher; it is not a measure of personal risk.

Census 2021 (England and Wales) or Scotland’s Census 2022 figures for the output area that contains the postcode. Wards sum their output areas; local authority totals come from the official local authority tables (England and Wales) or the sum of output areas (Scotland). Scottish figures are lightly perturbed by National Records of Scotland to protect confidentiality.

From the English Indices of Deprivation 2025 in England, the Welsh Index of Multiple Deprivation 2025 in Wales and the Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation 2020v2 in Scotland, for the neighbourhood (LSOA or data zone) containing the postcode. Decile 1 is the most deprived 10% of that nation; deciles from different nations cannot be compared. Shown for context only; we do not rank places by it.

The six nearest open schools by straight-line distance, from the Department for Education register in England, the Welsh Government school list in Wales and the Scottish Government school list in Scotland (Welsh and Scottish schools are located at their postcode centre). Distance does not imply a right to a place.

The distance to the nearest school and to the nearest tram stop or railway station is measured along the walkable path and street network in OpenStreetMap (pavements, footpaths, residential streets, steps; not motorways or private roads), from the point on the network nearest the postcode centre. The straight-line distance is shown alongside. Where the postcode is more than 400 m from any path, or nothing is within 6 km on foot, only the straight-line figure is given.

The share of premises in the postcode that can get gigabit-capable, superfast (30 Mbit/s or more) or 100 Mbit/s broadband, and the share that cannot get 10 Mbit/s, from Ofcom Connected Nations (July 2025). Local authority figures use Ofcom’s residential premises totals.

The safety block appears only where the local police force has published street-level data for every one of the latest 12 months. Greater Manchester Police publishes none, and Gloucestershire Constabulary’s files stop in January 2026, so those areas show no safety block.

Injury collisions reported to the police from the Department for Transport’s STATS19 data for 2021–2025, counted within 500 m of each postcode by the severity of the most seriously injured casualty, and by local authority and year. Busy roads and junctions dominate the counts; they are not a measure of the risk of a single journey.

The Environment Agency counts properties in each postcode by the likelihood of flooding from rivers and the sea. A postcode not in the list has no properties in areas at risk. Surface water flooding is not yet included.

Postcode-level counts are not published outside England, so for Welsh and Scottish postcodes we show the highest flood band within 50 metres of the postcode’s centre: Natural Resources Wales risk bands for rivers and the sea, and SEPA likelihood bands for rivers and the coast. A band near the centre does not mean every home in the postcode is affected.

Food businesses with a published rating within 500 metres of the postcode, and across the ward and council. Good means a rating of 4 or 5 out of 5; in Scotland, a pass. Exempt businesses and those awaiting inspection are not counted.

Every commune of mainland France and Corsica, Guadeloupe, Martinique, French Guiana and Réunion in the 1 January 2024 geography used by the 2022 census, with Paris, Lyon and Marseille split into arrondissements. Mayotte is not yet covered, as the 2022 census is not published there for IRIS areas; overseas, income data (Filosofi) exist only for Martinique and Réunion. Communes that Insee divides into IRIS neighbourhoods (about 2,000 people each) get a page for each IRIS.

At the centre of each IRIS; for a commune that is not divided, around the town hall; for a divided commune, as the population-weighted average of its neighbourhoods. The measures themselves match Great Britain and the Netherlands.

Median price per square metre from the DVF property sales register over ten half-years, for sales of a single property, as published by data.gouv.fr. A median needs at least ten sales.

Median disposable income per consumption unit in 2021 (Insee Filosofi), with the poverty rate at 60% of the national median. Shown for context, never as a ranking.

Offences recorded in 2025 in the commune, per 1,000 residents (per 1,000 homes for burglaries), with the change from 2024. Only figures published by the ministry are shown; drug indicators are left out. No public figures exist below commune level.

Each commune’s list of major hazards comes from its département’s major-risk file (GASPAR database). A prevention plan counts if it is legally in force. Natural-disaster declarations are counted once per type of event recognised; arrondissement and neighbourhood pages show the figures for the whole commune. For a département, each hazard is given as the share of communes exposed to it.

Facilities come from Insee’s 2025 permanent database of facilities, as of 1 January 2025. GPs per 10,000 residents divides the doctors listed by the 2022 census population. Neighbourhood pages do not have this block, as the database is not published for IRIS areas.

The 2022 census publishes results in 100-metre grid cells. Each cell is assigned to the municipality containing its centre (boundaries as of 15 May 2022) and added up: rents weighted by the number of homes, average age and floor space per person by population, household size by the number of households. Vacancy and owner-occupation rates come from the one-kilometre grid instead: in the 100-metre cells they are mostly withheld, and the cells that remain would greatly overstate vacancy. Each 100-metre cell takes the rate of its square kilometre; owner-occupation is weighted by households, vacancy by all homes. Values withheld by the census for confidentiality are left out.

Unincorporated areas with residents – mostly state forests and military training grounds – have their own page and are counted separately from municipalities in district tables. Uninhabited ones do not appear.

Average net rent per square metre, excluding heating, of all rented homes on the census date, including long-standing tenancies, so it is usually below current asking rents. A municipality needs at least three grid cells with rent data.

Every municipality with residents, every district and every independent city has a page in German and in English. Berlin and Hamburg are state, district and municipality at once, so each has a single page with a one-kilometre grid map.

Measured around the town centre; in municipalities of 50,000 people or more, as the population-weighted average of their one-kilometre grid cells. Schools and nurseries are counts of OpenStreetMap entries within the municipal boundary, not official statistics.

Police crime statistics are published for districts and independent cities, not municipalities, so municipal pages show their district’s figures. The rate is cases per 100,000 residents. State and national figures add up the districts, with population worked back from each district’s rate. Offences against residence and asylum law, drug offences and figures on suspects are not used.

Every region, every municipality and every parish (sogn) with at least 30 residents on 1 January 2026 has a page in Danish and in English. Parishes spanning several municipalities are listed under the one Statistics Denmark names first.

Parishes are the smallest fixed areas with published population figures. Their boundaries cannot be downloaded as open data without registering, so parish pages show the municipality map with the parish church marked, and everyday services are measured from the church.

Average disposable income per person in 2024 for municipalities; the share of residents aged 15+ in work on 1 January 2025 for parishes and municipalities, and full-time unemployment averaged over 2025 for municipalities. Shown for context, never as a ranking.

Occupied homes in 2026 by tenure, ownership (social and co-operative housing), type and year built. House prices are averages for detached houses sold on the open market, published by region only.

Every local authority (county and city councils, 31 in all) and every electoral division with at least 30 residents has its own page. Electoral divisions are the smallest legally defined areas in the State; the 2022 Census counted 3,420 of them.

All population, household, housing, work, education and travel figures come from the 2022 Census small area statistics, for people usually resident and present on census night, 3 April 2022. Shares leave out answers marked “not stated”. Unemployment is the share of the labour force (at work or looking for work) who were looking for work.

Median gross and net household income for 2022 from the CSO’s Geographical Profiles of Income, which link tax and social welfare records to census households. Gross income is before tax and social contributions.

The median price of all residential dwellings bought in the year, from stamp duty returns, is published only for whole counties. Every page in a county shows the same county figure; the four Dublin local authorities share the figure for County Dublin, and Cork, Galway, Limerick and Waterford cities share theirs with the county.

Measured from the centre of each census small area (usually 80 to 120 homes) and averaged by population for larger areas. Services are counted within 1.2 km in a straight line; green space is the share of a 500-metre circle. School and crèche counts are OpenStreetMap entries inside the area, not the Department of Education register.

Local authority and electoral division maps are shaded by census small area; the national map by electoral division. Boundaries are the 20-metre generalised versions published by Tailte Éireann.

Every county, every municipality and every basic statistical unit (grunnkrets) with at least 30 residents on 1 January 2026 has a page in Norwegian (Bokmål) and in English. Oslo is both a county and a municipality, so it has a single page. The districts (bydeler) of Oslo, Bergen, Trondheim and Stavanger have pages too.

In official statistics, districts (bydeler) exist only for Oslo, Bergen, Trondheim and Stavanger. Population, income, education, tenure and overcrowding are Statistics Norway’s own district figures; services, green space and land area are worked out from the basic units that make up each district, using Statistics Norway’s Klass classification to match units to districts.

Basic statistical units are Statistics Norway’s smallest fixed areas, usually a housing estate, part of a town or a rural community. Only population, age and area are published for them; income, house prices, tenure and education are shown for the municipality.

Median household income after tax (total income minus tax and negative transfers) for private households in 2024, and the average price per square metre of homes sold in 2025. Shown for context, never as a ranking.

Employed residents as a share of those aged 15–74 in the fourth quarter of 2025, by place of residence; households by tenure in 2025 and homes by building type in 2026.

Measured from each unit’s service centre – the point inside it with the most shops and services within 500 metres – and averaged by population for municipalities and counties. Schools and kindergartens are counts of OpenStreetMap entries, not official statistics.

Every region, every municipality and every postcode area with at least 30 residents at the end of 2024 has a page in Finnish, Swedish and English. Statistics Finland publishes no figures for smaller areas.

Postcode areas are Statistics Finland’s statistical postcode areas from the Paavo data, with 2026 boundaries; each belongs to one municipality. Municipal, regional and national figures are Statistics Finland’s own, not sums we have made.

Median and mean disposable money income of residents aged 18 and over in 2024: taxable and tax-free income minus taxes and contributions. Shown for context, never as a ranking.

Tenure is the share of households living in owner-occupied, rented or other homes; owner-occupied includes housing-company shares. The unemployment rate is the unemployed as a share of the employed and unemployed together, from Paavo’s main-activity data, and can differ from the Labour Force Survey rate.

Measured from each postcode area’s service centre – the point inside the area with the most shops and services within 500 metres – and averaged by population for municipalities and regions. Schools and day-care centres are counts of OpenStreetMap entries, not official statistics.

Every county, every municipality and each of the 3,363 regional statistical areas (RegSO) has a page in Swedish and in English. RegSO areas are named by Statistics Sweden and usually follow districts, towns and rural areas.

Maps show the 6,160 demographic statistical areas (DeSO), drawn by Statistics Sweden so that each has between 700 and 2,700 residents. Municipal and county figures come straight from Statistics Sweden; labour-market status and homes by tenure are only published for DeSO and RegSO areas, so for municipalities we add up the DeSO areas.

Average net income – all taxable and tax-free income minus tax – of registered residents aged 20 and over in 2024, at 2024 prices. Low and high economic standard are the shares of people in households below 60 per cent, or above twice, the national median disposable income per consumption unit. Shown for context, never as a ranking.

Employment is the share of residents aged 20–65 in work in 2024, from the annual labour-market register. Tenure is the share of homes in 2025 that are rental flats (hyresrätt), tenant-owned co-operative flats (bostadsrätt) or freehold (äganderätt); homes with no information are left out.

Average sale price of houses for permanent living (one- and two-dwelling houses) registered during the year, by municipality, county and for the whole country. There are no figures below municipal level.

Measured from each DeSO area’s service centre – the point inside the area with the most shops and facilities within 500 metres – and averaged by population for larger areas. Services are counted within 1.2 km in a straight line; green space is the share of a 500-metre circle. Schools and preschools are counts of OpenStreetMap entries, not official statistics.

ZIP codes are the Census Bureau’s ZIP Code Tabulation Areas. Each is listed under the county that holds most of its land; ZIP codes with fewer than 100 residents have no page because survey estimates there are too uncertain. Connecticut’s ZIP codes are placed in its planning regions, which replaced counties in 2022, by nearest region centre.

Figures come from the American Community Survey 5-year estimates for 2020–2024. They are averages over five years of sampling, with margins of error that grow as places get smaller; we show the margin for income and home values.

Counts of establishments with paid employees by ZIP code and industry from ZIP Code Business Patterns 2023. They reflect business addresses, not necessarily where services are delivered.

Estimated shares of adults from the CDC’s PLACES 2025 release, which combines national health surveys with local population data in a statistical model. They are compared with the national figure, weighted by adult population. They are estimates, not counts of local patients.

The five nearest public schools in a straight line from the ZIP code’s internal point, from NCES EDGE locations for 2024–25. Attendance zones are set by each school district.

A six-digit postcode gets a page only if people live there, at least three data blocks are complete and at least one calculated measure can be produced. Neighbourhoods with no residential postcode, such as business parks or water, have no page.

We take a point inside each postcode area published by Statistics Netherlands and place it in the neighbourhood (buurt) of the 2025 district and neighbourhood map that contains it, so every postcode belongs to exactly one neighbourhood.

The average WOZ value of homes as published by Statistics Netherlands: by postcode from the 2024 postcode statistics, and by neighbourhood, district and municipality from the 2025 key figures (valuation date 1 January 2024). The comparison with the municipality divides the postcode value by the municipal average. A WOZ value is an official valuation for property tax, not a sale price.

Statistics Netherlands calculates, for every postcode, the road distance to the nearest GP, supermarket, school, railway station and other services. We show those figures as published.

For each neighbourhood, the share of households in the lowest 40% and the top 20% of incomes nationally, the share of people below the poverty line and median household wealth, from the 2024 key figures. Income is not published by postcode, so postcode pages show the neighbourhood figures. For context only, never as a ranking.

Crimes registered by the police in 2025 in the neighbourhood, district or municipality, with the change from 2024. Rates per 1,000 residents are only given where at least 200 people live, because smaller bases say little. Places with many visitors and few residents show higher rates.

Statistics Netherlands withholds small counts and rounds postcode figures to multiples of five. Missing values are shown as a dash and never estimated.